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Researchers tested the selectivity of the BBB in cats

Although ARA 290 has a short serum half-life of a few minutes (11), the peak plasma concentrations attained after the administration of 2 mg intravenously in normal human volunteers in pharmacokinetic studies reached ~50 ng/mL, exceeding the minimum effective peak concentration of ~1 ng/mL (26)

Therefore, when researchers compare options in this category, GHK-Cu typically stands out for the depth of available scientific literature, structural simplicity, and reproducibility of research findings

Some trials also reported reductions in free testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels, suggesting a potential hormonal benefit [154]